Mobile Phone

Write in 10 sentences what the article is about. Write in 5 sentences how you use a mobile phone every day.

Mobile Phone

Mobile Phones have proved themselves to be one of the greatest gifts to the mankind. They have become an indispensible part of our lives. But going back in time, owning a mobile phone was confined to members of affluent class. All thanks to cost cutting techniques and innovations over a period of time; mobile phones are now affordable for everyone.

Origin of this gadget is quite interesting. Starting from bulky mobiles phones which were as long and heavy as one’s forearms, to ultra thin and techno savvy handsets, mobiles phones have covered a long way so far. It all started with the basic telephony. Alexander Graham Bell was the first one to patent telephone in the year 1876. This technology was developed using the equipment designed for telegraph. Calls were connected with the help of operators. And a pillar of the mobile telephony came into existence when Charles Stevenson invented radio communication in early 1890s for keeping contacts with the offshore lighthouses. Marconi transmitted signals over the distance of 2 kms in year 1894. And Fessenden capably broadcasted music through radio by 1906.

And the following development was merger of radio telephone technology. In 1926, first class passenger trains, running from Berlin to Hamburg used the technology. These radio telephones were also used for air traffic safety as well as in the passenger airplanes. At the time of Second World War, German tanks made great use of these radio telephones too.

Two way radios was an ancestor of the mobiles phones. These radios also known as the mobile rigs, were fixed police cruisers, ambulances, taxicabs before advent of handheld mobile phones. Since the mobile radios were given connection to telephone network, one could not dial these from the home phones. And slowly this technology gained popularity among the mobile radio users.

Later versions of these radio phones incorporated cigarette lighter plugs and were called bag phones. Fixed in the vehicles, these gadgets were either used as portable two way radios or mobile phones. And then in 1940s, Motorola came with new developments in mobile phones. And this is how Walkie Talkie was born. Large, bulky and battery operated, this Handie Talkie soon found a way to US military.

Another turning point came in the history of mobile phones when the base station for mobile phones came into being. Engineers from Bell Labs developed the base stations in 1947. The same year, W. Rae Philip and Douglas H. Ring developed hexagonal cells for these mobile phones. But an engineer, Porter from Bell Labs, suggested positioning of the cell towers at corners of hexagons instead of center. He also argued for the directional antennas, for transmitting or receiving the signals in the three directions, into adjacent hexagon cells.

In 1956, Ericsson Company released the earliest full automatic cellular phone system called MTA in Sweden. Though this gadget was operated automatically but due to its bulkiness, could not really hold the users interest for long. It is surprising to hear that this mobile phone weighed around 40 kgs back then. And then improved and lighter version of the same phone was introduced in 1965. This was known as MTB and used the DTMF signaling.

Soon in 1957, Leonid Kupriyanovich developed experimental model of wearable mobile phones in Moscow, operating with the help of base station. This young engineer had earlier developed the radio phone known as LK-1. The battery life of the wearable mobile phone by the young inventor lasted for around 20-30 hours. Weighing 3 kg, it worked within the distance of 20 to 30 km from the station. Later he patented the mobile phones and also came up with a version of pocket mobile phone that was just of 0.5 Kgs in the same year.

Then again automatic pocket mobile phone was developed in 1966 at Bulgaria. Called RAT-0.5, phone coordinated with the base station known as RATZ-10. And further developments in the field of the cellular phones were witnessed in 1967. It was decided that every mobile phone would be catered to a base station throughout its life. Though this was not that novel concept, need of one base station at least broke continuity of the automatic services to the mobile phones. After three years, in 1970, another engineer Ames E. Joel invented automatically operated call handoff technology. This system allowed the mobile phones to pass through cell areas while making a phone call without any loss of conversation. This was the time when the mobile user could use the gadget without any disturbance.

Further in year 1971, AT&T Incorporation projected mobile phone service that was approved by FCC later. Another development in the history of mobile phones was registered with ARP network’s success launched in Finland. It was the earliest commercial cellular phones and was known as Zero Generation mobile network.

Invention of mobile phones that closely resembles today’s mobile phones is credited to Martin Cooper, employer and researcher of Motorola.  He initially developed cellular phone named Motorola Dynatac in 1973. With 5 inches width and 9 inches length, this 2.5 pounds weighing phone carried around 30 circuit boards in it. With recharge time of around 10 hours, talk time of 35 minutes, this phone gave comfortable talking experience to the users. One could listen, dial and talk on this mobile phone but what was missing was display screen. With passing time, refinements were made and these mobile phones improved by leaps and bounds.

With introduction of Global System for the mobile communications, radio spectrum could be used effectively. The technology gave great voice quality, international roaming facilities along with compatibility with ISDN systems. And further for providing coverage to the remote areas that ISDN, GSM and cellular phones could not offer, satellite phones came into being. Base station for the satellite phones were built in the geostationary satellites. And now there is no place on the planet that is untouched by the mobile phones.

Education in the Czech Republic

Go through tje presentation http://uloz.to/xzkLCGpE/structure-of-educational-system-ppt
and prepare and learn the topic Education in the Czech Republic.
See the information also in the National system overview http://uloz.to/xWX7d1Sq/047-cz-en-pdf

Tasks for the week - 5th - 18th April 2015

Hello,
your tasks will be:
Tasks about School and Education, including videos.
Three texts from the topic Inventions and Discoveries.
Worksheet Transport and Travelling and Prepositions and Way description.

Tasks for 2nd March 2015

Hallo my sweethearts,
your tasks for this week are:
Revising unit 7, 8 http://uloz.to/xvA6Z4Zw/revising-unit-7-8-xps - priste si vybrana cviceni projdeme.
Read the text and do the exercises in your textbooks - page 66, 67.
Watch the video about human body systems and describe in 15 sentences: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9j1PWhOnlmk

At the doctor's

Describe the video in 10 sentences and write down the important phrases.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TB-1Luwur68&spfreload=10

Hospital team

Milí studenti,
zdravím z Německa. Posílám vám pár úkolů, které během týdne uděláte a vše nové se naučíte. Až přijedu, budu chtít vidět vše vyplněné, ať už ve Vašich papírech, nebo na blogu. Nová slovíčka si pište do slovníčku. A připravte se na to, že mi budete o tomto tématu podrobně povídat.

http://ulozto.cz/x3LutzuP/hospital-team-pdf

http://ulozto.cz/xkFydRye/hospital-team-picture-pdf

Hospital and Medical Professions

Hospital and Medical Professions

1.1 Make a list of medical professions you know in English and write short definitions of what the professionals do.

Example: A nurse takes care of patients, e.g. he or she gives injections and checks temperatures and pulse rates.

Useful verbs: specialize, prepare, examine, treat, support, be in charge of, assist, rescue, take care of, look after, perform, diagnose

1.2 Read the following text and answer the questions below:

A hospital is an institution providing health care and treatment by specialized staff. The professionals working in hospitals are medical and nursing staff who take care of in- and outpatients.

Hospitals may have departments which have their own speciality. They include the emergency department, cardiology, neurology, obstetrics and gynaecology, paediatrics, ophthalmology, and otorhinolaryngology. Each department has its own specialist doctors and nurses who work in a team looking after their patients. Now, we will look at some of these specialist doctors and their daily duties.

If a person has problems with their sight, they will be treated by an ophthalmologist who will inspect the eyes for disease and if necessary perform an operation.

An otorhinolaryngologist (ear, nose and throat specialist, or ENT) will diagnose and manage diseases of the ears, nose, sinuses, larynx (voice box), mouth and throat, as well as structures of the neck and face.

Obstetricians and gynaecologists are concerned with pregnant women and their unborn baby and the management of medical concerns specific to women. Obstetrician’s duties include prenatal screening where they check the health of both mother and baby and do ultrasound scanning of the foetus. Gynaecologist’s duties include diagnosing and treating problems of the female reproductive system.

A cardiologist deals with disorders of the heart, arteries and veins. Their duties include advising patients on healthy lifestyles, and proper cardio care. Cardiac surgeon’s duties include minor surgeries, such as implanting a pacemaker, and major bypass surgeries.

Finally, a neurologist diagnoses and treats disorders of the nervous system. A neurologist will firstly check patient’s history and then perform some tests. These tests include patient’s motor system, coordination, mental status and sensory system. If the patient needs an operation, they will be referred to a neurosurgeon.

Questions:

Which specialist do you see when you have a problem with hearing?

Who takes care of pregnant women?

Which specialist would you see if you have problems with your throat?

Which specialist performs heart operations?

Which specialist would you see if you had problems with your nervous system?

Tenses: Present Simple and Present Continuous

2.1 Look at the pictures and complete the given statements.

A lab technician usually ______________________ blood samples. What is Larry doing? Larry  __________________________________________ into a microscope right now.

Physiotherapists often _____________________ people who have arthritis. What is Sarah doing? She ____________________________________ a patient at the moment.

Surgeons sometimes _____________________ many hours performing one operation.  What is Dr. Hall doing? He ___________________________ on a patient.

Paramedics are the ones who ________________________ first aid.  What is Tom doing? Tom ___________________________ oxygen to a patient.

Nurses ___________________ of a patient’s general needs. They _________________ temperatures and __________________________ injections. What is Tina doing? Tina __ ____________________ the patient’s pulse.

2.2 How to speak about routines and repeated activities in the present or past. Read the paragraphs and complete the grammar rules below.

Paramedics respond to emergency calls and help people in difficult situations, for example, when they are sick or have had a car accident. Paramedics have to know what to do immediately and make a lot of important decisions.

Radiologists help doctors to diagnose a disease. They’ll X-ray or they’ll use ultrasound to image parts of the body. The images help the physician to decide about the right treatment. 

My mother worked as a physiotherapist before she retired. She used to treat patients with physical difficulties caused by injuries, disabilities or simple ageing. She would exercise with the patients, she’d teach them how to overcome difficulties and in many cases she’d help them return to their normal life. She loved her job, but suffered from too much physical stress herself.

2.3 Complete the rules and/or find examples in the paragraphs above.

1. We use Present Simple when we speak about routine or repeated activities in the present. It is also possible to use will for repeated activities, but it is less common.

Examples:

a. Paramedics respond to emergency calls and help people in difficult situations when they are sick or have had a car accident.

b. They make a lot of important decisions.

c. They’ll X-ray or they’ll use ultrasound to image parts of the body.

2. We use __________________ or ___________________ or ________________when we speak about routine or repeated activities in the past.

Examples:

d. My mother worked as a physiotherapist before she retired.

e. ______________________________________________________________________

f. ________________________________________________________________________

g. _________________________________________________________________________

1 In pairs, tell each other if you know anybody who works in the field of health care. What is he/she like? What do they do? Do they like their job? Would you like to do their job? Why?

2 Write a paragraph about a person (you know) who has a medical profession.

3 Describe the following departments.

1. 4 What are the names of specialists who work in hospital teams? Fill in the table.

Cardiology	Cardiologist
	Paediatrician
	Dermatologist
Surgery
Orthopaedics
	Anaesthetist or Anaesthesiologist
	Haematologist
Oncology
Pharmacy
Radiology

Remember: Names of departments usually end in –ology and the specialist names in –ologist or the departments end in –ics and the specialists in –ician.  There are exceptions like anaesthetics and anaesthetist.

Read the text about hospitals and medical staff and answer the questions below.

When you are ill, you call your general practitioner (or GP), who is sometimes called a family doctor, and you make an appointment with his or her receptionist. GPs normally see their patients on an appointment basis or they make home visits when patients are housebound. If you need out-of-hours treatment, e.g. at night, you should call the National Health Service (NHS) on their NHS Direct phone number and a doctor who is on call will visit you. If you need specialist care, the GP will make a referral, i.e. they will refer you to a specialist, often in a hospital.

Hospitals usually have many departments which each have their own specialty. They include the emergency department, cardiology, neurology, obstetrics and gynaecology, pediatrics, ophthalmology, and otolaryngology. You can be treated as an outpatient or an inpatient. Out-patients visit the hospital, have any treatment that they need and then go home. Inpatients are taken care of in wards. A ward unit consists of patients´ rooms, nurses´ room, bathroom, toilets, and a day room where patients can have meals, watch TV or see visitors. Next to the treatment room there is a “clean and dirty” annex and a sluice room. In the clean annex, trolleys are laid-up and the dirty annex serves for sterilization of used equipment and instruments. Each ward unit has a cleaners´ room and a linen store, of course. An isolation room is used for patients who must not be in contact with other patients in the ward unit because they may spread infection.

If you are admitted to hospital you become an inpatient and you are first seen by one of the junior doctors on the ward. He or she takes your medical history and examines you. The registrar sees you later and he or she decides about necessary tests or examinations and about the treatment. The consultant sees you on the regular ward rounds, discusses your treatment with other doctors and decides when you can be discharged to your GP´s care. On the ward round, consultants are accompanied by a medical team including a nurse.

Today, hospitals look very different to how they used to look. Hospitals used to be painted white and patients´ rooms were large, with metal beds and small units for personal possessions, and they didn´t offer much privacy. Now, many hospitals have smaller rooms, usually with two or more beds, and also private rooms. They are painted with bright colours and the furniture is very modern and the rooms have a television and a bathroom. There is much more privacy and the staff are very friendly.

Questions:

1. What do sick people usually do first when they need to see their GP?
2. What do GPs do if their patients need specialist care?
3. What is the difference between in- and outpatients?
4. Who usually asks inpatients about their previous diseases or diseases that run in their families?
5. Who decides that you can go home from hospital?
6. What makes ward units look friendlier and less depressing?